長難句分析與翻譯十大基本功 《第一章 五大短語》

   

                        第一章 五大短語

            介詞短語

            介詞是學習英語的難點之一，特別在閱讀過程中是一個"攔路虎"。介詞短語是構(gòu)成長難句的一個重要因素。介詞短語可用作定語、狀語、表語和補足語。介詞可與動詞、名詞、形容詞等連用。

            這里特別指出一種介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，with(without)構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的形式有：

            ·with+名詞十分詞

            ·with+名詞+介詞

            ·with+名詞+形容詞

            ·with+名詞+動詞不定式

            這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中起狀語、定語作用，或用來對句子或某一成分作補充說明。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，with沒有實際詞意。在翻譯時可把名詞和其后的介詞短語或形容詞當作主語和表語的關(guān)系來處理；把名詞和其后的分詞或動詞不定式當作主語和謂語關(guān)系來處理。

 

            (一)with+名詞十分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)

            這種結(jié)構(gòu)在英語中可稱為"分詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"。它在句中可作定語或狀語。在科技文章中常用來對句子或某個成分作補充說明。

            (1) If something is moving，with nothing touching it，it will go on

            forever，coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line．

            正在運動的某一物體，如果沒有受到任何外力觸動，它將永遠繼續(xù)作勻速直線運動。(條件狀語)

            (2)The light we see，with its colors ranging from deep red to deep

            violet，serves us in our daily lives．

            我們看到的從深紅色到深紫色的光，在日常生活中為我們服務(wù)。(作非限定性定語，修飾light。)

            (3)With more experimenting being doing every year，much of

            photosythesis will certainly be known before very long．

            隨著每年所進行的實驗增多，可以肯定，不久將會對光合作用了解得更多。(條件狀語)

            (4)The article deals with microwaves，with particular attention being

            paid to radio location．

            這篇文章是研究微波的，其中特別注意無線電定位問題。(with．．．location是分詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作補充說明。)

            (5) The bottom layer is solid bedrock，with its upper edges slowly

            decomposing，or decay-

            ing，and flaking off．

            底層是堅硬的基巖，它最上面的邊緣在慢慢地分解、腐蝕和剝落。(非限定性定語，修飾Solidbedrock。)

            (6)Ice，of relative density 0．9，floats in water with ninetenth

            submerged．

            冰的比重為0．9，它浮在水面上時，9／10淹沒在水里。(方式方法狀語)

            (二)with+名詞+介詞的結(jié)構(gòu)

            (1)Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion

            in it being visible．

            麥克斯韋指出，即使看不見物體內(nèi)部的分子運動，物體也可能是熱的。(讓步狀語)

            (2)Under a microscope，a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a

            thin wall round it．

            在顯微鏡下，細胞看上去如一滴透明的膠狀物體，周圍有一層很薄的壁。(with．．it作定語，用來修飾jelly。)

            (3)Mechanics is that branch of physical science which considers the

            motion of bodies，with rest as a special case of motion．

            力學是自然科學的一個分支，它研究物體的運動，而把靜止看成是運動的一種特殊情況。(with引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)起補充說明作用。)

            (4)Carbon，with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus，has 6

            electrons．

            碳有6個電子，而在其原子核內(nèi)尚有6個質(zhì)子和6個中子。(with

            6protons．．．in．．．用來對carbon作補充說明，有非限定定語意味。)

            (5) The rocket engine，with its steady roar like that of a waterfall

            or a thunderstorm，is an impressive symbol of the new space age．

            火箭發(fā)動機以其類似于瀑布或大雷雨的持續(xù)轟鳴給人以深刻印象，成為太空新時代的象征。(with．．．roar

            like．．．是非限定性定語，修飾engine。)

            (6)In each case the crystals，small or large，are naturally bounded by

            square or rectangular crystal faces of different sizes，but with each

            face always at right angles to each adjacent face．

            在每種情況下，各個晶體不論大小都是天然地由一些正方形的或矩形的晶面作為自己的界面，這些晶面大小不一，但每一晶面總是垂直于每一相鄰面。(with．．．face．．．a(chǎn)t．．．是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作定語，修飾crystal

            faces。)

            (三)with+名詞+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)

            (1)We have discussed fluorescence，which is sensitive to radiations

            with energies equal to or greater than those of visible photons．

            我們已經(jīng)討論過熒光，熒光對等于或大于可見光光子能量的輻射是很敏感的。(with十名詞+形容詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，起定語作用，修飾radiations。)

            (2)In simple harmonic motion，where there is no damping，the energy of

            the vibrating particle changes from kinetic to potential and

            back，with the total energy constant．

            在沒有阻力的簡諧運動中，振動質(zhì)點的能量由動能變?yōu)閯菽�，或由勢能變�(yōu)閯幽�，但總能量不變�?with+名詞+形容詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中有結(jié)果狀語的意味。)

            (3)An uncharged object contains a large number of atoms，each"which

            normally contains an equal number of electrons and protons，but with

            some electrons temporarily free from atoms．

            不帶電的物體含有大量原子，每個原子通常含有等量的電子和質(zhì)子，但是有一些電子暫時脫離了原子的束縛。(with+名詞+形容詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，對句子起補充說明作用。)

            (4) And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life

            on Mars are much brighter．

            由于水的存在，在火星上找到某種生命的可能性的前景就光明得多了。 (with water present作原因狀語。)

            (四)with+名詞十動詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)

            (1)In outer space，with no swaddling atmosphere to diffuse

            it，sunlight is infinitely more powerful than on earth．

            在外層空間，由于沒有大氣保護層對陽光的保護作用，那里的陽光要比地球上強烈得多。(swaddling"襁褓"，這里有"保護"的含義。with引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作原因狀語。)

            (2)At present，about 80 different metals are known to man．But with so

            many metals to choose from，the question arises：which metal shall we

            use?

            目前，人們已知的金屬大約有80種。由于有這么多的金屬可供選擇，于是便產(chǎn)生了一個問題：我們將采用哪種金屬呢?(with引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作原因狀語。)

 

            介詞短語在句中分析與翻譯的實例

            1．You can already buy small Video telephones，with buildn-screen and

            cameras，that transmit

            Still images over regular telephone lines to anyone else with a

            Video telephone．

            現(xiàn)在已能買到小型的電視電話機，機上裝有屏幕和攝像機，可以通過平常的電話線把靜止的圖像傳送給任何一個有電視電話的人。(with．．．cameras用作獨立定語，修飾telephones。)

            2．The scientific worker attempts to formulate these problems in

            accurate terms and to solve them in the light of all the relevant

            facts that can be collected by observation and experiment．

            科學工作者力圖精確地描述這些問題，然后根據(jù)通過觀察和實驗收集到的有關(guān)事實來解決這些問題。(介詞短語in accurate

            terms作方式方法狀語，說明to formulate。in the light…experiment作方式方法狀語，說明to

            solve。)

            3．The atom is analogous to a miniature solar system，with a nucleus

            as the"sun''and electrons as the"planets''revolving in orbits around

            the nucleus．

            原子類似于一個小型太陽系，原子核可看作"太陽"，電子可看作是沿軌道繞著核旋轉(zhuǎn)的"行星"。(analogous

            to，"與……相似"。with a nucleus as．．，and(with)electrons

            as．是with引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，用來對solar system作補充說明。)

            4．The unit of heat on the c．g．s．system is the calorie， which is

            established as the amount of heat required to raise one gramme of

            water by one degree centigrade．

            熱的厘米·克·秒制單位是卡，將1克水升高攝氏1度所需的熱量定為1卡。(c．g．s．system

            =centimeter-gramsecond

            system，"厘米·克·秒制"。介詞短語on...system作定語，修飾unit。by所引導(dǎo)的介詞短語是raise要求的，這里by表示數(shù)量增減的絕對值。例如：increase

            by 10％，"增加10％"；decrease by two orders of magnitude，"減小兩個數(shù)量級"。)

            5．Sometimes the individual crystals，with plane faces and sharp edges

            and comers，are visible to the naked eye，and sometimes they can be

            seen only under a microscope．

            單晶有時用肉眼就能看得到，有時只有在顯微鏡下才能看得見，這種單晶有著平的晶面和銳利的棱角。(with plane

            faces...corners是介詞短語用作獨立定語，修飾crystals。)

            6．Modern Japan and other Oriental countries are emerging with the

            irresistible urge for better standards"living and a novel， powerful

            role in the world's economy．

            在不可阻擋地迫切要求提高生活水平和在世界經(jīng)濟中發(fā)揮新的、強有力的作用的驅(qū)使下，現(xiàn)代的日本和其他東方國家正在崛起。(with．．economy有條件狀語的意味，用來修飾emerging。)

            7．Liquids，however，are highly incompressible；that is，very large

            pressures，of the order of thousands of tons per square inch，are

            required to diminish their volumes appreciably．

            但是，液體是非常不易壓縮的；要明顯地壓縮液體的體積，就需要巨大的壓力，其數(shù)量級達每平方英寸幾千噸。(介詞短語of the order．．．inch是獨立定語，修飾pressures。)

譯路通武漢翻譯公司整理

2012.7.2