養(yǎng)老金的發(fā)展翻譯-中英對(duì)照
日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金的發(fā)展、改革及其對(duì)中國(guó)的啟示
Development, reformation and inspiration of Japanese pension to China
1．研究目的
1. Research purpose
本人長(zhǎng)期在大學(xué)從事老年社會(huì)保障的教學(xué)和研究工作，對(duì)于國(guó)外老年社會(huì)保障制度有十分濃厚的興趣，需要更多地學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，與國(guó)外學(xué)術(shù)界開(kāi)展更多的交流，以便于提高科研和教學(xué)水平。
Having engaged in teaching and research of the social security for aged in the university for a long period, I am very interest to the system of social security for aged of foreign countries. It is required to study the experience of foreign country, and carry out more communication with the foreign academia, so as to improve scientific research and teaching level.
探討日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度的建立原因和發(fā)展過(guò)程、項(xiàng)目的設(shè)立、實(shí)際效果、出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題、目前改革的措施及其成效，是深化學(xué)術(shù)研究的需要。日本從上個(gè)世紀(jì)五六十年代開(kāi)始建立國(guó)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度，經(jīng)過(guò)半個(gè)多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展，取得了較多的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)90年代，日本經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)低迷，導(dǎo)致用于養(yǎng)老的財(cái)政收入增長(zhǎng)緩慢，加上人口迅速老化所帶來(lái)的養(yǎng)老金支出擴(kuò)大，國(guó)民年金面臨著財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)。日本政府開(kāi)始改革養(yǎng)老金制度，包括降低養(yǎng)老金待遇，提高支付起始年齡，建立積累基金，擴(kuò)大基金投資渠道等。養(yǎng)老金制度改革成為幾屆日本政府的面臨的重要任務(wù)，也成為學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注的一個(gè)焦點(diǎn)。
Study the reason for establishment, evolution process, establishment of project, actual effect, problem occurred, measure and effect of present reformation of the system of Japanese pension is the demand for deepening the academic research. Japan has begun to establish the national pension system for the aged in fifties and sixties. Having developed rapidly for about half a century, it has achieved many experiences and lessons. Entering 1990s, the economy stagnancy of Japan leads to the low growth in financial revenue for aged. In addition, the increasing pension expense due to the growing aging population leads the financial crisis of national annuity. The Japanese government begins to reform the pension system, including reduces the treatment of the pension, raises the initial age of payment, sets up accumulation funds and expands investment channel of funds, etc.. The reform of pension system becomes several important tasks faced by Japanese government as well as a focus to the academia circle.
本課題研究的另一個(gè)住要目的是為解決中國(guó)的老年社會(huì)保障問(wèn)題尋找可供借鑒的措施。中國(guó)老年人口數(shù)量十分龐大，低收入老年人比重較大，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展導(dǎo)致使老年人與在職人員收入差距拉大，需要通過(guò)建立社會(huì)保障，通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)保護(hù)老年人的利益。
Another main purpose of the research of this subject is to search the measure suitable for solving the social security for the aged of China. China has a large number of aged populations. The old person with low-income constitutes a large portion. The rapid development of market economy leads the income gap between the old people and the on-the-job personnel become wider. It is required to establish the social security and learn the foreign experience to protect the interests of old person.
2．研究意義
2. Significance of research
為什么實(shí)行了半個(gè)世紀(jì)的日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度出現(xiàn)了危機(jī)，對(duì)其改革的原因和措施是什么，改革是否可以克服人口老齡化和資金不足的問(wèn)題？改革過(guò)程中面臨的新問(wèn)題、變革前景如何，未來(lái)的養(yǎng)老金模式應(yīng)該是什么樣的？這些是現(xiàn)實(shí)的日本社會(huì)不斷提出和需要解決的問(wèn)題，也是學(xué)術(shù)界需要回答的問(wèn)題。
Why the system of Japanese pension which has implements for half a century has occurred the crisis; what are the reason and measure to its reform; whether or not this reform overcomes the problems of aging population and lacking of funds? How about the new problem and prospect of reform during reforming process; what the mode of the pension should be in the future? These are problems which Japanese societies constantly put forward and require to be solved at present, and it is also the question that the academia needs to be answered.
本課題研究將有利于探討日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度的改革方向。日本養(yǎng)老金出現(xiàn)財(cái)政危機(jī)有以下兩個(gè)方面原因：一是養(yǎng)老金征收基礎(chǔ)不斷弱化。首先，持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退迫使大批中小企業(yè)破產(chǎn)和倒閉，失業(yè)人員數(shù)量增加，失業(yè)者因收入銳減交不起或拖欠養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用。其次，養(yǎng)老金財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)打擊了一些青年人、農(nóng)民和個(gè)體工商戶加入養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的信心，他們不愿意加入國(guó)民年金計(jì)劃，拒絕交納養(yǎng)老金。2002年，農(nóng)民和個(gè)體工商戶中未交納的比例接近40%，如果加上學(xué)生和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)全額免除人員，實(shí)際上被保險(xiǎn)者中約有半數(shù)沒(méi)有繳納保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。再次，隨著生育下降，勞動(dòng)年齡人口比例下降，繳費(fèi)的基數(shù)不斷縮小。二是養(yǎng)老金支出不斷擴(kuò)大。日本的人均預(yù)期壽命居全球之冠，目前達(dá)到80歲以上，到2050年將提高到88歲。人均預(yù)期壽命延長(zhǎng)之后，老年人口及其高齡人口比例不斷增加。1990年，80歲以上的高齡人口占老年人口比例為20%，2000年上升到22.4%，2020年將上升到32.4%，2030年進(jìn)一步上升到42.4%。人口老齡化和高齡化不僅使養(yǎng)老金支出規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，而且導(dǎo)致支出的時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。目前日本養(yǎng)老支出超過(guò)了財(cái)政預(yù)算50%左右，養(yǎng)老金收入和支出不平衡，迫使日本政府只好采取提高繳納比例等措施來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)嫁財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。據(jù)估計(jì)，如果不對(duì)先行的養(yǎng)老體制進(jìn)行改革，到2015年之后日本養(yǎng)老金賬戶將出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的危機(jī)。針對(duì)這些問(wèn)題，從學(xué)術(shù)上開(kāi)展深入的研究，及時(shí)提出切實(shí)可行的解決對(duì)策，有利于緩解當(dāng)前及今后嚴(yán)重的養(yǎng)老金危機(jī)。
The research of this subject will help to explore the reform direction of the system of Japanese pension. The reasons of the financial crisis of the Japanese pension have the following two aspects: First, the foundation of pension collecting is being weakened constantly. First of all, the continuing economic recession leads the bankrupt of large number of small and medium-sized enterprises. The quantity of unemployed person is increasing as well. The jobless pay less or in arrears with the insurance premium of pension due to the decreasing of income. Secondly, the financial crisis of weaken the confidence of the young people, peasant and self-employed entrepreneur to join the insurance of the aging pension. They are reluctant to join the plan of national annuity and refuse to pay the pension. In 2002, the proportion of the peasant and self-employed entrepreneur that fail to pay the pension premium is about 40%. Adding the proportion of students and insurance premium exempted personnel, in fact, nearly half of insured person have not paid the insurance premium. Moreover, with the declining rate of breeding and working-aged population, the base fee is reduced as well. Second, the pension expenditure is expanding constantly. The average life expectancy of Japanese is the longest one in the world, which reaches 80 at present and will raise to 88 years old by 2050. After the average life expectancy is prolonged, the old population and proportions of aged are increasing constantly. In 1990, the population of aged personnel above 80 years old shall account 20%. It rose to 22.4% in 2000. It will rise to 32.4% in 2020 and rise to 42.4% further in 2030. Aging population and aged population will not only constantly expend the pension expenditure, but also prolong the expenditure process. In present, the Japanese pension expenditure has exceeded 50% of financial budget. The unbalance of pension receipts and expenditures urges the Japanese government to take relevant measures for improving the proportion of paying etc. to shift the financial burden. It is estimated, if they do not carry out the reform to the previous pension system, the serious crisis will appear in the Japanese pension account by 2015. In order to solve these problems, the promotion of deepening research in academy and putting forward the feasible settlement countermeasure in time shall help to alleviate the serious pension crisis at present and in the future.
中國(guó)也需要從日本的國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度及其改革中吸取有益的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。中國(guó)目前正在經(jīng)歷快速的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程，同時(shí)也在經(jīng)歷快速的人口老齡化，老年人口增長(zhǎng)十分迅速，現(xiàn)在中國(guó)60歲以上老年人口已經(jīng)達(dá)到1.5億。在這個(gè)數(shù)量龐大的老年人口中，大部分生活在農(nóng)村并處于低收入狀態(tài)，需要政府給與更多的幫助。日本的國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度及其改革經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，對(duì)于解決中國(guó)大量沒(méi)有固定收入和低收入老年人的社會(huì)保障需求，有重要的參考價(jià)值。
China is also required to draw the advance experience from national pension system and its reform of Japanese. China is undergoing the fast market economy evolution at present and is also undergoing the fast aging population at the same time. The populations of aging people increase very fast. Now the aged population over 60 years old in China has already up to 150 million. Of these huge number of aged population, the majority of them lives in the countryside with low income, which need more helps of government. National pension system and reforming experience and lessons of Japan have an important reference for solving the demand of social security of large number of aging person without fixed income and low income in China.
在這個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域，有過(guò)一些相關(guān)的研究成果，但是對(duì)于中國(guó)的學(xué)術(shù)界缺乏對(duì)于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度的研究，而且以往的研究，即使在日本，多是提出和分析問(wèn)題的較多，對(duì)于解決措施的研究比較缺乏。同時(shí)還應(yīng)該看到，學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)于日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度能夠給中國(guó)提供借鑒價(jià)值的研究更為缺乏。因此，需要在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域開(kāi)展新的更加深入的研究。
In this research field, there were some relevant research results, however, as for the research academia of China, it lack the study of the national pension system of developed country. And the past research, even in Japan, most of those are putting forward and analyzing the problems and it lack the research of solving measure. At the same time we should also see, the academia lack research the reference brought by the reform of Japanese pension system. Therefore, it is required to carry out new and deepening research in this field.
本課題將開(kāi)展以下幾個(gè)方面的研究：（1）日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度建立的歷史、發(fā)展過(guò)程；（2）日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度的項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容、實(shí)施效果和目前存在的問(wèn)題；（3）日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金的需求、資金供給的未來(lái)變化趨勢(shì)及可預(yù)見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題；（4）針對(duì)日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金問(wèn)題的對(duì)策建議；（5）日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度發(fā)展和改革的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)及其對(duì)中國(guó)的啟示，中國(guó)建立國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金制度的計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)及其實(shí)施建議。
This subject research may include the following several aspects: (1) The history and evolution process the system of national pension of Japan; (2) Project content, implementing effect and existing problem at present of the system of national pension of Japan; (3) Demand and future variation tendency of fund supply and foreseeable problems of national pension of Japan; (4) The countermeasure and suggestion of the problems of national pension of Japan; (5) the experience and lessons of the development and reform and enlightenment of national pension system of Japan to China, and the plan and the implementing suggestion for China to set up the system of national pension.
研究方法：
Research approach:
本研究以文獻(xiàn)研究和已發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù)資料研究為主，配合專家訪談的方法。關(guān)于中文的研究文獻(xiàn)，過(guò)去已經(jīng)出版了一些相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)。本研究將利用中國(guó)人民大學(xué)圖書館、中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院、北京圖書館的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)；本課題組成員能夠運(yùn)用英文、日文、中文等語(yǔ)言查閱文獻(xiàn)。本課題還將充分利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的文獻(xiàn)和數(shù)據(jù)資源，將利用中國(guó)的期刊網(wǎng)，利用日本厚生省、日本總務(wù)省統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)資料，將訪問(wèn)日本各相關(guān)研究機(jī)構(gòu)（包括民間研究機(jī)構(gòu)）的網(wǎng)站，利用其發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)和資料開(kāi)展研究。
This research mainly includes the data materials of documents research and published materials, and cooperates with recommended method from the interview of experts. As for the research documents of Chinese, some relevant documents had already published in the past. This research will utilize relevant documents of library of the People's University of China, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Beijing Library; the members of this seminar may read these documents in English, Japanese and Chinese, etc. This subject will also fully utilize documents of Internet and data resource. It will utilize the data materials of periodical network of China, Welfare in Japan, statistics bureau of general affairs province of Japan, websites of relevant research institution of Japan (includes the folk research institution) and utilize the published document and materials for research.
除了文獻(xiàn)研究，本課題還將開(kāi)展專家訪談，將訪問(wèn)中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院、中國(guó)人民大學(xué)、北京大學(xué)等重要研究機(jī)構(gòu)以及日本來(lái)華的專家，獲得權(quán)威專家的研究觀點(diǎn)，從而完成本課題的研究任務(wù)。
Except the research documents, this subject will also hold the interview of experts. And visit the expert of important research institutions, such as Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the People's University of China, Beijing University, etc. and experts from Japan, so as to obtain the research view point of authoritative experts and finish the research task of this subject.
描述性研究和探索性研究也將是本項(xiàng)目的特點(diǎn)。本課題將運(yùn)用獲得的數(shù)據(jù)資料開(kāi)展描述性的研究，搞清楚日本國(guó)民養(yǎng)老金的歷史和現(xiàn)狀，并運(yùn)用定性的探索研究方法分析原因及其后果，提出對(duì)策性的政策建議。
The characteristics of this project also include the descriptive research and exploratory research. This subject shall utilizes the obtained data materials to carry out the descriptive research, understand the clear insight of the history and current situation of Japanese pension, and use the qualitative exploration research approach to analyze its reason and consequence, and propose the recommendations of countermeasure policy.
預(yù)期研究成果
Anticipated research results
階段性成果：在國(guó)內(nèi)有影響的學(xué)術(shù)刊物上發(fā)表1—2篇學(xué)術(shù)論文，作為中期研究成果
Phase achievement: Publish 1- 2 scientific papers on the domestic influential academic publication as the research results of middle period
最終成果：完成最終研究報(bào)告，提供給日本住友集團(tuán)基金會(huì)The Sumitomo Foundation，在基金會(huì)允許的情況下提供給本人所在單位科研管理部門和本國(guó)政府社會(huì)保障部；通過(guò)相關(guān)的國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)交流和宣傳本研究成果。
Final achievement: Finish the final research report and submit to the Sumitomo Foundation. And offer to the scientific research administrative department of author’s unit and social security department of government with the approval of foundation; exchange and publicize the research results through the relevant domestic and international scientific seminar.
2013.6.6