礦區(qū)地質(zhì)學(xué)概述-中英對(duì)照
地區(qū)地質(zhì)學(xué)
礦區(qū)勘探的地質(zhì)學(xué)由早期的碳化的變質(zhì)沉積宕(圖5)決定，侵入到花崗巖和斜長(zhǎng)花崗巖的Kolbinsky侵入雜巖。 花崗巖是當(dāng)?shù)睾谠颇赴郀罨◢弾r并在整個(gè)地區(qū)作為小型巖墻存在。
變質(zhì)沉積宕巖石的地層學(xué)是反射細(xì)微的沉積相的變化。 在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化的意識(shí)中， 4種巖性巖套通過(guò)鑒定： Arkoliskaya； Kompectinskaya； Baysumskaya； 以及Dalakarinskaya。 在這些巖套中形成不同的低，中層和上層組合， Arkoliskaya為維憲時(shí)期并且包括沙巖，偏硅酸巖，石灰石，石英砂和硅質(zhì)片巖。 Dalakarinskaya包括硬砂巖、沙巖和沙泥巖。
變質(zhì)沉積宕巖石通常在西北到東南方，與地區(qū)的地貌斷層(圖5)并不一致。斷層很少在北西北到西北到南東南方和東西方廣泛分布。南東南方斷層系統(tǒng)趨向通過(guò)勘測(cè)地區(qū)，對(duì)礦化作用進(jìn)行基本的控制。 小型巖墻一般在西北東南方。
一個(gè)地區(qū)的變質(zhì)的組構(gòu)變化發(fā)展為頁(yè)巖，石板和少量的千枚巖地質(zhì)。在Kuludjun 許可的南部?jī)?nèi)的變質(zhì)沉積宕緊緊折疊，并且形成南部東南方的北西北背斜和向斜趨向。 褶皺傾角在50°到85°。
5.2 地質(zhì)發(fā)展前景
在整個(gè)領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)域間歇地出現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)巖性單元，指定為Qnb 和Qnc(圖6)。 兩個(gè)單元成為早期碳的變質(zhì)沉積宕巖石的一部分。 Qnb 變質(zhì)沉積宕巖石是主要巖性，并且是礦化作用的主要承受者。在Veseloe和Aleksandrovskoye 區(qū)域附近，包括灰綠色灰色棕色C1nb單元，粗糙粒狀媒介，石英石質(zhì)沙巖 (圖 7) 以及較小的硬化粉砂巖， 由于發(fā)展得很好的頁(yè)巖和板石葉狀結(jié)構(gòu)(圖8)。 Qnc 變質(zhì)沉積宕包括易分裂的(圖9)，灰棕色淺褐色，黏土巖，云母狀的粉砂巖和灰棕色，晶粒石質(zhì)沙巖。
結(jié)構(gòu)上Kuludjun的許可區(qū)域可能被分成兩個(gè)區(qū)域， 通過(guò)南東南方的北西北地區(qū)趨向的的斷層區(qū)域分開(kāi)(下稱(chēng)Bapern-Veseloe 斷層)，并且連接平行斷層(下稱(chēng)Aleksandrovskoye 和Skalistoe 斷層)。 對(duì) Bapern Veseloe 斷層的Qnb變質(zhì)沉積宕s通常與東北的平行斷層傾角為(50°到85°)(圖6)。
對(duì)于西南方向的Bapern-Veseloe 斷層來(lái)說(shuō)，夾層的單元C1nb 和C1nc 巖石變質(zhì)沉積宕，間歇地出現(xiàn)有北東北兌一南部西南方連接，雖然結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的折疊并包含斷層。 那些單元露出地面的地層Cjii0表現(xiàn)為加倍陷入，夾緊，背斜和向斜層，在北東北趨向的南部西南方有折疊痕跡。
主要斷層的傾角在地質(zhì)圖上有顯示，不可能確定其運(yùn)動(dòng)方向。 但是，沿著全部主要斷層(圖6) 存在的石英礦脈和石英巖脈區(qū)域，表明斷層已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了礦化作用控制范圍。 詳細(xì)的說(shuō)，礦化作用似乎已經(jīng)在斷層優(yōu)先張開(kāi)的地方發(fā)展，他們向西北東南方定向旋轉(zhuǎn)。 在橫截面里，Veseloe 區(qū)域礦化作用東北方向傾角(ca。 45° ( 例如圖10)。
圖5：Kuludjun勘探前景和領(lǐng)域周?chē)貐^(qū)的地質(zhì)情況。 紅標(biāo)指Kuludjun勘探許可的邊界。 Kaskad N 提供沒(méi)有充分的地區(qū)地圖。
圖6：Kuludjun 工程的地質(zhì)圖。 紅標(biāo)記表示到目前為止鑒定的勘探邊界。 斷層的用藍(lán)色顯示。
5.3 礦化作用
目前為止，Kuludjun已經(jīng)通過(guò)11 種勘探前景(圖6)的鑒定。 這6 個(gè)圖示中，都與Bapern-Veseloe 斷層有關(guān)聯(lián)，其中一個(gè)與Aleksandrovskoye 斷層有關(guān)，兩個(gè)與Skalistoe 斷層有關(guān)。 Somnitelnoe 和Nagornoe礦化給地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系未知。
石英金礦化作用
在Kuludjun大多數(shù)金礦化作用與石英礦脈、sheeted和stockwork 石英巖脈以及50米寬當(dāng)?shù)氐氖⒖v桁區(qū)域(圖10 和11) 有關(guān)。 個(gè)別的石英礦脈能達(dá)到兩米寬并且通常包括白色的到淺灰色，大型的中晶質(zhì)的石英， 由于當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)展得很好的stylonodular結(jié)構(gòu)(圖12 和17)。當(dāng)?shù)氐乃樾冀堑墓杌硯r的包括的角礫層，白色的到淺灰色石英(圖13)都比較不錯(cuò)。
脈區(qū)的石英礦脈的兩邊，包括多代采購(gòu)工作(圖22： 黑灰色的變質(zhì)沉積宕巖石展示白色的石英巖脈的截面圖多個(gè)階段。 注意砷二硫化鐵黑灰色的剪平結(jié)構(gòu)。 孔洞51 H； 7.36 g/t Au；間隔(19.1-19.7米)。
與氧化的石英巖脈(圖14)發(fā)展相結(jié)合。 SRKES沒(méi)有研究金砷二硫化相關(guān)的冶金含義，但是建議在各種各樣的氧化物和表生礦石類(lèi)型中的一項(xiàng)詳細(xì)的冶金研究是，有單體金礦石，使用氰化物處理浸出應(yīng)該是可行的。
石英金白鎢礦±五氧化二銻礦化作用
金礦在Kuludjun礦床的附近也有報(bào)道。已經(jīng)證明與石英金白鎢礦巖脈和石英金白鎢礦銻巖脈有聯(lián)系。 SRKES沒(méi)對(duì)領(lǐng)域中的礦化作用的兩種風(fēng)格中的任一種進(jìn)行評(píng)估， 但是注意石英巖脈包含有白鎢礦，最有可能與花崗巖和斜長(zhǎng)花崗巖相聯(lián)系。包含黃金的礦脈含有金礦的可能性較大。
有歷史數(shù)據(jù)表明石英金白鎢礦銻巖脈在Somnitelnoe地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)，并建議將來(lái)的探索也集中于潛在的侵入目標(biāo)。
GEOLOGY OVERVIEW
5.1 Regional Geology
The geology of the Kuludjun Prospect is dominated by Early Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks (Figure 5) which have been intruded by granite and plagiogranite stocks of the Kolbinsky intrusive complex. Granites are locally biotite-phyric and occur as small dykes throughout the area.
The stratigraphy of the metasedimentary rocks is complex reflecting subtle facies variations. In a simplistic sense four lithological suites are identified: Arkoliskaya; Kompectinskaya; Baysumskaya; and Dalakarinskaya. Within these suites are units variously termed the lower, middle and upper formations. The Arkoliskaya Suite has been dated as Visean and comprises metasilstones, sandstones, limestones, quartzites and siliceous schists. The Dalakarinskaya Suite comprises greywacke sandstones and siltstones.
The metasedimentary rocks generally strike northwest to southeast which is consistent with the dominant regional fault orientation (Figure 5). Faults rarely trend north-northwest to south-southeast and broadly east-west. A significant north-northwest to south-southeast trending fault system runs through the prospect and appears to exert a fundamental control on mineralization. Small dykes generally strike northwest-southeast.
A regional metamorphic fabric is variably developed and presents as shales, slates and rarely phyllites. The metasediments are tightly folded and form north-northwest to south-southeast trending anticlines and synclines in the southern part of the Kuludjun Licence. Fold limbs dip at 50° to 85°.
5.2 Prospect Geology
Two lithological units crop out throughout the field area and are designated Qnb and Qnc (Figure 6). Both units form part of the Early Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks. Qnb metasedimentary rocks are the dominant lithology and are the main host to mineralization. In the vicinity of the Veseloe and Aleksandrovskoye Zones the Cjnb unit comprises grey-brown to grey-green, medium to very coarse grained, strongly indurated, quartz-lithic sandstones (Figure 7) and lesser siltstones, with well developed shaley and slatey foliation (Figure 8). Qnc metasedimentary rocks comprise fissile (Figure 9), light brown to grey-brown, claystones, micaceous siltstones and occasional grey-brown, fine grained lithic sandstones.
Structurally the Kuludjun Licence can be divided into two zones which are separated by a north-northwest to south-southeast trending regional fault zone (henceforth termed the Bapern-Veseloe Fault) and associated subparallel faults (henceforth termed the Aleksandrovskoye and Skalistoe Faults). To the northeast ofthe Bapern-Veseloe Fault the Qnb metasediments generally strike parallel to the fault and dip steeply (55-80°) to the northeast (Figure 6).
To the southwest of the Bapern-Veseloe Fault intercalated units of Cjnb and C^rf metasedimentary rocks crop out with a broadly north-northeast to south-southwest strike, although structure is locally complicated by folding and faulting. The outcrop pattern of the Cjii0 unit is indicative of doubly-plunging, moderate to tight, anticlinal and synclinal folds with north-northeast to south-southwest trending fold axes.
The dip of the major faults is not shown on the geological map and it is not possible to determine the sense of movement. However, the presence of quartz lodes and quartz-vein zones along all major faults (Figure 6), indicates that the faults have exerted a major control on mineralization. In detail, mineralization appears preferentially developed where faults splay and/or their strike rotates towards a northwest-southeast orientation. In cross-section, Veseloe Zone mineralization dips moderately (ca. 45°) to the northeast (e.g. Figure 10).
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Figure 5: Regional geology of the Kuludjun Prospect and areas immediately surrounding. The red box marks the boundary of the Kuludjun Licence. Map supplied by Kaskad N without full legend.
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J Bapern-Veseloe Fault
Vladimirskoe-Preavednoe Zone
Figure 6: Geological map of the Kuludjun Project. The red boxes mark the boundaries of prospects identified to date. Names of faults are shown in blue.
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Figure 7: Massive lithic sandstones of the
Cjn unit.
Figure 8: Fissile (slaty) lithic sandstones of the Cjnb unit.
Figure 9: Claystones of the C^ unit.
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5.3 Mineralisation
Eleven prospects (Figure 6) have been identified at Kuludjun to date. Of these six are intimately associated with the Bapern-Veseloe fault, one is associated with the Aleksandrovskoye Fault and two are associated with the Skalistoe Fault. The relationship of the Somnitelnoe and Nagornoe mineralized zones to regional structures is unknown.
Quartz-Gold Mineralization
Most of the gold mineralization at Kuludjun is associated with quartz lodes, sheeted and stockwork quartz veins, and quartz stringer zones (Figures 10 and 11) which are locally up to 50 metres wide. Individual quartz lodes are up to two metres wide and typically comprise milk white to light grey, massive mesocrystalline quartz, with locally well developed stylonodular fabric (Figures 12 and 17). Breccias comprising angular clasts of silicified sandstone healed by multiphase, light grey to white quartz (Figure 13) are locally developed.
Vein zones occur either side of the quartz lodes and comprise multiple generations of stockwork (Figure
Figure 10: Soviet adit: Veseloe open pit.
Figure 11: Detail of Figure 10 showing quartz lode and vein zone.
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14) and sheeted quartz veins and veinlets. Individual veinlets are generally less than five millimetres wide and display a variety of morphologies. Foliation-parallel quartz veinlets are locally pervasive (Figures 18-21) and may be cross-cut by several generations of slightly thicker but less abundant veins (Figures 18-20). Some veins are disharmonically folded (Figures 15 and 19), boudinaged (Figures 15 and 22) and/or sheared (Figures 21 and 22). Silicification of the wallrocks is common (Figure 16).
The presence of foliation-parallel quartz veins indicates that at least one phase of vein formation occurred coincident with folding and development of axial-planar cleavage. Cross-cutting, boudinaged and sheared veins attest to multiple phases of vein development and post-mineralization fault movement.
Available evidence indicates that hypogene gold occurs both as free gold within quartz lodes and in association with finely disseminated arsenical pyrite in wallrocks (e.g. Figure 22). Free gold is also present in oxide zones and was the main target of the historic bedrock mining. The secondary arsenic mineral scorodite is locally14) and sheeted quartz veins and veinlets. Individual veinlets are generally less than five millimetres wide and display a variety of morphologies. Foliation-parallel quartz veinlets are locally pervasive (Figures 18-21) and may be cross-cut by several generations of slightly thicker but less abundant veins (Figures 18-20). Some veins are disharmonically folded (Figures 15 and 19), boudinaged (Figures 15 and 22) and/or sheared (Figures 21 and 22). Silicification of the wallrocks is common (Figure 16).
The presence of foliation-parallel quartz veins indicates that at least one phase of vein formation occurred coincident with folding and development of axial-planar cleavage. Cross-cutting, boudinaged and sheared veins attest to multiple phases of vein development and post-mineralization fault movement.
Available evidence indicates that hypogene gold occurs both as free gold within quartz lodes and in association with finely disseminated arsenical pyrite in wallrocks (e.g. Figure 22). Free gold is also present in oxide zones and was the main target of the historic bedrock mining. The secondary arsenic mineral scorodite is locallydeveloped in association with oxidized quartz veins (Figure 14). SRKES did not study the metallurgical implications of the gold-arsenical pyrite association, but recommends that a detailed metallurgical study is conducted on the various oxide and supergene ore types. Ore with free gold should be amenable to cyanide heap-leaching.
Quartz-Gold-Sheelite±Antirnony Mineralization
Gold has also been reported in the immediate vicinity of the Kuludjun Deposit in association with quartz-gold-scheelite veins and quartz-gold-scheelite-antimony veins. SRKES did not visit either style of mineralization in the field and cannot comment on the significance, but notes that quartz veins containing scheelite are most probably associated with the granite and plagiogranite stocks. That the veins contain gold is significant and introduces the possibility of intrusion-related gold targets.
Historic data indicates that quartz-gold-scheelite-antimony veins are present at the Somnitelnoe Prospect and it is recommended that future exploration also focuses on potential intrusive targets.
2012.12.27